The Organized Crime Index | ENACT
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Asia
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Oman

Profile

Asia

Gross domestic product (GDP)

No data

Population

4,528,374,775

Area

31,983,394 km²

5.30

Criminality score

1st of 5 continents

Criminal markets

5.21

An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type.

Human trafficking

6.63

Illicit activity involving coercion, deception, abduction or fraud for the purpose of exploitation, regardless of the victim’s consent.

Human smuggling

5.67

Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit.

Arms trafficking

5.21

The sale, acquisition, movement, and diversion of arms, their parts and ammunition from legal to illegal commerce and/or across borders.

Flora crimes

4.32

The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law.

Fauna crimes

5.32

The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing.

Non-renewable resource crimes

5.35

The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities.

Heroin trade

5.29

The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market.

Cocaine trade

3.22

The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market.

Cannabis trade

5.08

The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach.

Synthetic drug trade

6.02

The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market.

Criminal actors

5.38

An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society.

Mafia-style groups

4.34

Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership.

Criminal networks

5.62

Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups.

State-embedded actors

6.46

Criminal actors that are embedded in, and act from within, the state’s apparatus.

Foreign actors

5.12

State and/or non-state criminal actors operating outside their home country. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups.

4.46

Resilience score

4th of 5 continents

Political leadership and governance

4.32

The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. Strong political leadership/governance suggests higher resilience.

Government transparency and accountability

3.99

The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities.

International cooperation

5.27

A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime.

National policies and laws

4.95

A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime.

Judicial system and detention

4.03

Refers to a state’s judiciary’s power to effectively and independently enforce judgments on organized crime-related cases.

Law enforcement

4.58

The state’s ability to investigate, gather intelligence, protect and enforce adherence to its rules and procedures against organized crime.

Territorial integrity

4.70

The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities.

Anti-money laundering

4.47

A state’s ability to implement measures to combat money laundering and other related threats to the integrity of its financial system.

Economic regulatory capacity

4.60

The ability to control/manage the economy and regulate transactions (national and international) for trade to thrive within the rule of law.

Victim and witness support

4.13

Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs.

Prevention

4.42

Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime.

Non-state actors

4.10

The degree non-state actors are allowed to engage in OC responses and their roles in supporting State efforts/ as watchdogs to governments.

4.46 5.38 5.21 4.46 5.38 5.21

Profile

Oman

Capital

Muscat

Income group

High income

Population

4,974,986

Area

309,500 km²

Geography type

Coastal

4.14

Criminality score

136th of 193 countries

38th of 46 countries in Asia

14th of 14 countries in Western Asia

Criminal markets

4.90

An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type.

Human trafficking

6.00

Illicit activity involving coercion, deception, abduction or fraud for the purpose of exploitation, regardless of the victim’s consent.

Human smuggling

4.00

Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit.

Arms trafficking

5.00

The sale, acquisition, movement, and diversion of arms, their parts and ammunition from legal to illegal commerce and/or across borders.

Flora crimes

5.00

The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law.

Fauna crimes

5.00

The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing.

Non-renewable resource crimes

5.50

The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities.

Heroin trade

5.00

The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market.

Cocaine trade

3.00

The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market.

Cannabis trade

4.50

The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach.

Synthetic drug trade

6.00

The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market.

Criminal actors

3.38

An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society.

Mafia-style groups

1.00

Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership.

Criminal networks

5.00

Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups.

State-embedded actors

4.00

Criminal actors that are embedded in, and act from within, the state’s apparatus.

Foreign actors

3.50

State and/or non-state criminal actors operating outside their home country. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups.

5.25

Resilience score

72nd of 193 countries

14th of 46 countries in Asia

7th of 14 countries in Western Asia

Political leadership and governance

4.50

The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. Strong political leadership/governance suggests higher resilience.

Government transparency and accountability

4.50

The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities.

International cooperation

6.50

A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime.

National policies and laws

6.50

A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime.

Judicial system and detention

5.50

Refers to a state’s judiciary’s power to effectively and independently enforce judgments on organized crime-related cases.

Law enforcement

7.50

The state’s ability to investigate, gather intelligence, protect and enforce adherence to its rules and procedures against organized crime.

Territorial integrity

5.50

The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities.

Anti-money laundering

5.00

A state’s ability to implement measures to combat money laundering and other related threats to the integrity of its financial system.

Economic regulatory capacity

4.50

The ability to control/manage the economy and regulate transactions (national and international) for trade to thrive within the rule of law.

Victim and witness support

4.00

Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs.

Prevention

4.00

Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime.

Non-state actors

5.00

The degree non-state actors are allowed to engage in OC responses and their roles in supporting State efforts/ as watchdogs to governments.

5.25 3.38 4.90 5.25 3.38 4.90

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The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to 10. The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel.

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This project was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State.

ENACT is funded by the European Union and implemented by the Institute for Security Studies and INTERPOL, in affiliation with the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.

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