How to measure organized crime?
A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index.
Read more on globalinitiative.netCriminal markets
3.25
An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type.
Human trafficking
5.50
Illicit activity involving coercion, deception, abduction or fraud for the purpose of exploitation, regardless of the victim’s consent.
Human smuggling
2.50
Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit.
Arms trafficking
2.00
The sale, acquisition, movement, and diversion of arms, their parts and ammunition from legal to illegal commerce and/or across borders.
Flora crimes
2.00
The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law.
Fauna crimes
5.00
The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing.
Non-renewable resource crimes
1.50
The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities.
Heroin trade
4.00
The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market.
Cocaine trade
3.00
The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market.
Cannabis trade
2.00
The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach.
Synthetic drug trade
5.00
The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market.
Criminal actors
3.00
An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society.
Mafia-style groups
3.00
Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership.
Criminal networks
3.50
Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups.
State-embedded actors
1.50
Criminal actors that are embedded in, and act from within, the state’s apparatus.
Foreign actors
4.00
State and/or non-state criminal actors operating outside their home country. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups.
Political leadership and governance
7.50
The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. Strong political leadership/governance suggests higher resilience.
Government transparency and accountability
7.50
The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities.
International cooperation
9.00
A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime.
National policies and laws
8.50
A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime.
Judicial system and detention
9.00
Refers to a state’s judiciary’s power to effectively and independently enforce judgments on organized crime-related cases.
Law enforcement
9.00
The state’s ability to investigate, gather intelligence, protect and enforce adherence to its rules and procedures against organized crime.
Territorial integrity
8.00
The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities.
Anti-money laundering
7.00
A state’s ability to implement measures to combat money laundering and other related threats to the integrity of its financial system.
Economic regulatory capacity
8.00
The ability to control/manage the economy and regulate transactions (national and international) for trade to thrive within the rule of law.
Victim and witness support
7.00
Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs.
Prevention
9.00
Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime.
Non-state actors
3.00
The degree non-state actors are allowed to engage in OC responses and their roles in supporting State efforts/ as watchdogs to governments.
Political leadership and governance
7.50
The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. Strong political leadership/governance suggests higher resilience.
Government transparency and accountability
7.50
The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities.
International cooperation
9.00
A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime.
National policies and laws
8.50
A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime.
Judicial system and detention
9.00
Refers to a state’s judiciary’s power to effectively and independently enforce judgments on organized crime-related cases.
Law enforcement
9.00
The state’s ability to investigate, gather intelligence, protect and enforce adherence to its rules and procedures against organized crime.
Territorial integrity
8.00
The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities.
Anti-money laundering
7.00
A state’s ability to implement measures to combat money laundering and other related threats to the integrity of its financial system.
Economic regulatory capacity
8.00
The ability to control/manage the economy and regulate transactions (national and international) for trade to thrive within the rule of law.
Victim and witness support
7.00
Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs.
Prevention
9.00
Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime.
Non-state actors
3.00
The degree non-state actors are allowed to engage in OC responses and their roles in supporting State efforts/ as watchdogs to governments.
Singapore is a transit and destination country for human trafficking. Individuals trafficked from other South and South-east Asian countries are often rendered vulnerable to sex or labour exploitation through various means. Employers are known to regularly withhold pay, restrict the movements of their victims and commit physical and sexual abuse. The economic fall out caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have made certain communities in the region more vulnerable to trafficking.
Regarding human smuggling, Singapore has seen a decrease in cases as authorities have become better at detecting concealed individuals at land and sea checkpoints. However, at the same time, criminal organizations have developed more sophisticated methods of human smuggling, including the procurement of genuine and fraudulent travel documents.
The level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Singapore is negligible as the country has one of the strictest gun-control laws in the world, a relatively small population, a high degree of public safety, and is insulated by neighbours where gun trafficking appears to be under control. However, as a thoroughfare for international shipping, it is highly likely that illicit consignments such as illegal arms pass through Singapore’s maritime borders.
Singapore is a transit country for fauna crimes, including the illegal wildlife trade of birds, reptiles, ivory, rhino horn and pangolins. The country’s geography is especially attractive for wildlife traffickers, given its vast coastline and surrounding waters, which are home to several endangered and rare marine species. In addition to being a transit hub, Singapore has been implicated in domestic ivory sales. However, this is expected to decline with a ban on domestic ivory sales that goes into effect in 2021. As for flora crimes, Singapore has a zero-tolerance approach to timber smuggling and there is no evidence to suggest that the already small illegal flora market has expanded in recent years. Similarly, there are no reports of non-renewable-resource crimes in Singapore, with the exception of a few isolated cases of gold smuggling into the country.
The production and trafficking of methamphetamine in Singapore has increased in recent years, making it the most trafficked and consumed drug in the country. Cannabis is the second most used drug in the country, but the amounts seized and the number of users are very low compared to the rest of Asia. While Singapore is not a heroin producer, heroin trafficking is a problem in the country. At the same time, there has been a decline in the number of heroin users over the last few years. With regard to cocaine, there have been reports of increased trafficking in Singapore. However, the amount of cocaine seizures in recent years suggests that the market is relatively small.
*This indicator was first included in the 2023 iteration of the tool
*This indicator was first included in the 2023 iteration of the tool
There are several loose networks of criminal associates engaging in illicit activities in Singapore. The most common of these engage in internet scams, unlicensed moneylending, operating illegal gambling dens and illegally importing cigarettes without paying duty. However, these groups do not pose a major threat to society and are closely monitored by the national police. There have also been reports of authorities dismantling several drug syndicates in the country, as well as organized criminal networks smuggling ivory from Mozambique. Although Singapore has a long history of secret societies, a police task force has mostly dismantled them, including two major ones that controlled the bulk of organized crime in the country.
There are still criminal gangs in Singapore, but they are described as an unorganized network of street-corner gangs with no centralized leaders, making them less of a problem. There have also been reports of foreign members in Singapore’s criminal gangs, mainly from neighbouring countries. Meanwhile, there is no evidence of state-embedded criminal actors operating in the country.
Singapore has one of the most stable governments in the world, which is largely free from political corruption and criminal influence. The country’s legislative anti-corruption framework, which is applied to both public and private sector actors, is robust, criminalizing bribery and other forms of facilitation payments and gifts, as well as the bribing of any foreign officials. However, public perception of transparency in government decision making has fallen, potentially due to its COVID-19 response. Furthermore, although public data can be accessed online on government websites, there is no Freedom of Information Act in place in Singapore. With regard to international cooperation, Singapore participates in several bilateral extradition treaties and extradition arrangements.The country is also a signatory to international conventions and treaties targeting organized crime and illegal arms.
The government has played a proactive role in reducing organized crime through a robust legal framework, effective law enforcement and strong legislation. The country’s judges are independent and there is little evidence of corruption within the judiciary. Similarly, the police response to crime is considered effective and professional, in part due to mechanisms that investigate and punish abuse. In 2015 the country introduced a law to empower law-enforcement authorities to detect, investigate, prevent and disrupt organized criminal activities. Additionally, Singapore has one of the strictest drug-control laws globally and has one of the world’s top execution ratesfor non-violent drug offences. For environmental crimes, Singapore applies a law that gives effect to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species to control the import and export of endangered species in Singapore. To address modern slavery in Singapore, the country introduced a law that criminalizes forced labour, and sex and labour trafficking. Despite all these factors, Singapore remains an attractive place for smugglers due to its expansive coastline, numerous islands and proximity to large illicit markets in the region. Because of this, the country is also active in securing its borders through the use of various technologies, including surveillance cameras along its coastline and biometric screenings at checkpoints.
Singapore is one of the world’s largest financial centres, with a highly developed free-market economy that is largely free of corruption, has stable prices, low unemployment and a high per-capita GDP. It is also highly resilient to money laundering and terrorist financing due to its highly sophisticated and inclusive legal and institutional frameworks. Furthermore, individuals and companies involved in money laundering and terrorism financing now face stiffer penalties under a new bill passed in 2018. Nevertheless, moderate gaps remain, and authorities have been accused of turning a blind eye to issues relating to illicit financial flows, especially in its ports. Additionally, while there are no sectors that are dominated by organized crime, it does exist within the financial-services sector.
The Singapore government has almost doubled the budget for victim care and protection services, as well as anti-trafficking and prevention activities. An inter-agency task force has also conducted campaigns to educate workers on their rights, raise public awareness of trafficking, and publicize efforts to punish employers for trafficking-related violations. On financial crimes, two best-practice papers were released to guard against the misuse of company structures for illicit purposes. The police force also offers an online platform called i-Witness, which allows individuals to report on criminal activity to the police. Despite these efforts, some concerns have been raised about the lack of consistent screening of trafficking indicators, especially during brothel raids.
In terms of non-state actors, while the constitution provides freedom of speech and expression, the government imposes official restrictions on these rights and Singapore has one of the most oppressive media environments in the world. Companies linked to the government own almost all domestic media outlets, and most journalists practise self-censorship. Furthermore, recent legislation gives the government the power to force media outlets, including online platforms, to ‘correct’ any information they deem to be incorrect. Additionally, the country requires organizations of more than 10 people to register with the government who have full discretion to register or dissolve such groups.
Access the GI-TOC website for more content related to the Global Organized Crime Index
For a better experience, please rotate your device.
The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to 10. The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel.
A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index.
Read more on globalinitiative.net
We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource.
give us your feedback
This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State.
ENACT is funded by the European Union and implemented by the Institute for Security Studies and INTERPOL, in affiliation with the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State.